Feature Sliced Design

Feature-Sliced Design (FSD) v2.1

Source: fsd.how | Strictness can be adjusted based on project scale and team context.

1. Core Philosophy & Layer Overview

FSD v2.1 core principle: "Start simple, extract when needed."

Place code in pages/ first. Duplication across pages is acceptable and does not automatically require extraction to a lower layer. Extract only when the same code is currently being used in multiple places (not hypothetically), the usages do not always change together, and the boundary has a focused responsibility.

Not all layers are required. Most projects can start with only shared/, pages/, and app/. Add features/ and entities/ only when they provide clear value. Do not create empty layer folders "just in case." The widgets/ layer is discouraged (see the callout below).

FSD uses 6 standardized layers, listed here from highest to lowest:

app/       → App initialization, providers, routing
pages/     → Route-level composition, owns its own logic
widgets/   → Reusable UI blocks (discouraged, see the callout below)
features/  → Reusable user interactions (only when used in 2+ places)
entities/  → Reusable business domain models (only when used in 2+ places)
shared/    → Infrastructure with no business logic (UI kit, utils, API client)

This guide discourages using the Widgets layer. Widgets may seem useful for representing independent UI blocks. However, in real frontend code, UI blocks often include logic required for user flows, such as data fetching, state management, and event handling. In this case, the responsibilities of Features, which handle user flows, and Widgets, which handle UI blocks, can overlap, making the boundary between the two layers unclear.

Not creating a widget does not mean simply moving that UI block to another layer. Compositions that are specific to a particular screen should stay in pages. When a user action is reused across multiple pages, both the action and the UI composition required to perform it should be extracted into features. Shared UI without business context should be separated into shared. UI such as app-wide layouts can be handled in app.

This does not mean removing the widgets/ layer entirely. It means recommending against actively adopting it. Projects already using widgets can keep using them as before.

See references/layer-structure.md for details and layout placement.

Import rule: A module may only import from layers strictly below it. Cross-imports between slices on the same layer are forbidden.

// ✅ Allowed
import { Button } from "@/shared/ui/Button"; // features → shared
import { useUser } from "@/entities/user"; // pages → entities

// ❌ Violation
import { loginUser } from "@/features/auth"; // entities → features
import { likePost } from "@/features/like-post"; // features → features

Note: The processes/ layer is deprecated in v2.1. For migration details, read references/migration-guide.md.

2. Decision Framework

When writing new code, follow this tree:

Step 1: Where is this code used?

• Used in only one page → keep it in that pages/ slice.
• Used in 2+ pages but duplication is manageable → keeping separate copies in each page is also valid.
• An entity or feature used in only one page → keep it in that page (Steiger: insignificant-slice).

Step 2: Is it reusable infrastructure with no business logic?

• UI components → shared/ui/
• Utility functions → shared/lib/
• API client, route constants → shared/api/ or shared/config/
• Auth tokens, session management → shared/auth/
• CRUD operations → shared/api/

Step 3: Is it a complete user action currently used in multiple places, with stable boundaries?

• Yes → features/
• Uncertain, single use, or speculative reuse → keep in the page.

Step 4: Is it a business domain model currently used in multiple places, with stable boundaries?

• Yes → entities/
• Uncertain, single use, or speculative reuse → keep in the page.

Step 5: Is it app-wide configuration?

• Global providers, router, theme → app/

Golden Rule: When in doubt, keep it in pages/. Extract only when the same code is actively used in multiple places and the boundary is clear.

3. Quick Placement Table

Scenario	Single use	Confirmed multi-use
User profile form	pages/profile/ui/ProfileForm.tsx	features/profile-form/
Product card	pages/products/ui/ProductCard.tsx	entities/product/ui/ProductCard.tsx
Product data fetching	pages/product-detail/api/fetch-product.ts	entities/product/api/
Auth token/session	shared/auth/ (always)	shared/auth/ (always)
Auth login form	pages/login/ui/LoginForm.tsx	features/auth/
CRUD operations	shared/api/ (always)	shared/api/ (always)
Generic Card layout		shared/ui/Card/
Modal manager		shared/ui/modal-manager/
Modal content	pages/[page]/ui/SomeModal.tsx
Date formatting util		shared/lib/format-date.ts

4. Architectural Rules (MUST)

These rules are the foundation of FSD. Violations weaken the architecture. If you must break a rule, ensure it is an intentional design decision and document the reason in code (a comment or ADR).

4-1. Import only from lower layers

app → pages → widgets → features → entities → shared. Upward imports and cross-imports between slices on the same layer are forbidden.

4-2. Public API: every slice exports through index.ts

External consumers may only import from a slice's index.ts. Direct imports of internal files are forbidden.

// ✅ Correct
import { LoginForm } from "@/features/auth";

// ❌ Violation: bypasses public API
import { LoginForm } from "@/features/auth/ui/LoginForm";

Shared layer: Shared has no slices. Define a separate public API per segment (shared/ui/index.ts, shared/api/index.ts, etc.) rather than one top-level shared/index.ts. This keeps imports from Shared organized by intent.

Environment-specific public APIs

A slice should normally expose its public API through a single index.ts. Ad-hoc customization is not recommended.

If a single index.ts cannot preserve a runtime boundary, add an environment-specific entry point such as index.server.ts. See references/framework-integration.md.

4-3. No cross-imports between slices on the same layer

If two slices on the same layer need to share logic, follow the resolution order in Section 7. Do not create direct imports.

4-4. Domain-based file naming (no desegmentation)

Name files after the business domain they represent, not their technical role. Technical-role names like types.ts, utils.ts, helpers.ts mix unrelated domains in a single file and reduce cohesion.

// ❌ Technical-role naming
model/types.ts          ← Which types? User? Order? Mixed?
model/utils.ts

// ✅ Domain-based naming
model/user.ts           ← User types + related logic
model/order.ts          ← Order types + related logic
api/fetch-profile.ts    ← Clear purpose

4-5. No business logic in shared/

Shared contains only infrastructure: UI kit, utilities, API client setup, route constants, assets. Business calculations, domain rules, and workflows belong in entities/ or higher layers.

// ❌ Business logic in shared
// shared/lib/userHelpers.ts
export const calculateUserReputation = (user) => { ... };

// ✅ Move to the owning domain
// entities/user/lib/reputation.ts
export const calculateUserReputation = (user) => { ... };

5. Recommendations (SHOULD)

5-1. Pages First: place code where it is used

Place code in pages/ first. Extract to lower layers only when truly needed. Extraction is a design decision that affects the whole project, so the threshold should be high.

What stays in pages:

• Large UI blocks used only in one page
• Page-specific forms, validation, data fetching, state management
• Page-specific business logic and API integrations
• Code that looks reusable but is simpler to keep local

Evolution pattern: Start with everything in pages/profile/. When the same user data is being consumed by another page (not hypothetically), extract the shared model to entities/user/. Keep page-specific API calls and UI in the page.

5-2. Be conservative with entities

The entities layer is highly accessible (almost every other layer can import from it), so changes propagate widely.

1. Start without entities. shared/ + pages/ + app/ is valid FSD. Thin-client apps rarely need entities.
2. Do not split slices prematurely. Keep code in pages. Extract to entities only when the same code is currently used by multiple consumers and the boundary is stable.
3. Business logic does not automatically require an entity. Keeping types in shared/api and logic in the current slice's model/ segment may be sufficient.
4. Place CRUD in shared/api/. CRUD is infrastructure, not entities.
5. Place auth data in shared/auth/ or shared/api/. Tokens and login DTOs are auth-context-dependent and rarely reused outside authentication.

For detailed guidance on keeping the entities layer clean (when to skip it entirely, how to isolate business contexts, why CRUD belongs in shared/api), see references/excessive-entities.md.

5-3. Start with minimal layers

// ✅ Valid minimal FSD project
src/
  app/         ← Providers, routing
  pages/       ← All page-level code
  shared/      ← UI kit, utils, API client

// Add layers only when an actual use case requires them:
// + features/  ← User interactions currently reused across multiple pages
// + entities/  ← Domain models currently reused across pages or features
// (widgets/ is discouraged; see Section 1 for where that code goes instead)

5-4. Validate with the Steiger linter

Steiger is the official FSD linter. Key rules:

• insignificant-slice: Suggests merging an entity/feature into its page if only one page uses it.
• excessive-slicing: Suggests merging or grouping when a layer has too many slices.

npm install -D @feature-sliced/steiger
npx steiger src

6. Anti-patterns (AVOID)

• Do not adopt the widgets/ layer by default. UI blocks often include user-flow logic, making the boundary with Features unclear (see Section 1 for where widget-like code goes instead).
• Do not create entities prematurely. Data structures used in only one place belong in that place.
• Do not put CRUD in entities. Use shared/api/. Consider entities only for complex transactional logic.
• Do not create a user entity just for auth data. Tokens and login DTOs belong in shared/auth/ or shared/api/.
• Do not abuse @x. It is a necessary compromise, not a recommended pattern. The notation is for the entities layer only, and only when boundary merge is genuinely impossible. Features and widgets handle cross-imports through strategies A–D (see Section 7).
• Do not extract single-use code. A feature or entity used by only one page should stay in that page.
• Do not use technical-role file names. Use domain-based names (see Rule 4-4).
• Be cautious adding UI to entities. Entity UI tempts cross-imports from other entities. If you add UI segments to entities, only import them from higher layers (features, pages, app), never from other entities.
• Do not create god slices. Slices with excessively broad responsibilities should be split into focused slices (e.g., split user-management/ into auth/, profile-edit/, password-reset/).
• Do not create a top-level assets/ segment. Place static assets next to the code that uses them. See references/asset-handling.md.

7. Cross-Import Resolution

Cross-imports are a code smell, not an absolute prohibition. The right strategy depends on the layer and the situation.

Entities layer: prefer boundary merge, @x is last resort

Cross-imports in entities are usually caused by splitting entities too granularly. Before reaching for @x, consider whether the boundaries should be merged.

@x is a necessary compromise, not a recommended approach. Use it only when boundaries genuinely cannot be merged, and document why. Overuse locks entity boundaries together and increases refactoring cost.

Features and widgets: four strategies (A, B, C, D)

In features and widgets, choose based on context:

• Strategy A: Slice merge. Two slices always change together → merge.
• Strategy B: Push to entities. Shared domain logic → move to entities/, keep UI in the feature.
• Strategy C: Compose from upper layer (IoC). The parent (pages or app) imports both slices and connects them via render props, slots, or DI.
• Strategy D: Public API access. When reuse is genuinely unavoidable, allow it only through the slice's index.ts. Never reach into model/, store/, or internal files.

The @x notation is for the entities layer only. Features and widgets use strategies A–D above.

Strictness depends on project context

Cross-imports are dependencies that are generally best avoided, but sometimes used intentionally. Strictness varies by project context: